Iran's Governance Structures A Historical Overview ( 1979 -2025 )
تاريخ النشر: 01/01/2025
الناشر: المعهد الدولي للدراسات الإيرانية (رصانة)
مدة التأمين: يتوفر عادة في غضون أسبوعين
نبذة الناشر:"Consequently, waves of protests have continued to erupt periodically, fueled by escalating crises that the establishment has been unable to resolve, as it struggles to enact decisive measures that could alleviate the suffering of its citizens.
Since the Iranian revolution in 1979 until today, numerous waves of protests have erupted, sharing ...similar patterns but driven by diverse factors. Among the most politically charged demonstrations were those of the Green Movement in 2009, which emerged in response to the contentious results of the 10th presidential election and were considered the most significant challenge to the Wilayat al-Faqih system.
Another notable eruption occurred on December 27, 2017, beginning in the northeastern city of Mashhad. Although initially driven by concerns over inflation and deteriorating living standards — summarized in the rallying cry “No to high prices” — the demonstrations quickly spread to roughly 22 of Iran’s 31 provinces. What started as economically driven unrest soon assumed political overtones, with some protesters voicing broader grievances against the establishment.
The most significant and widespread protests since the 1979 revolution followed the death of Mahsa Amini on September 16, 2022. Amini died three days after being arrested by Iran’s “morality police” for allegedly violating the country’s strict hijab regulations. Her death ignited a national outcry, sparking a mass movement that merged anger over personal freedoms with longstanding dissatisfaction toward the ruling authorities.
The barrier of sanctity surrounding Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, the highest authority in Iran’s political system, was first broken in 2009 when the masses chanted, “Death to the dictator.” Externally, the Iranian establishment’s relations with neighboring states, especially Arab countries were deteriorating. This was largely a result of its interference in their internal affairs and efforts to cultivate loyal proxies, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen, or through direct military intervention by the Quds Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). The latter, as stipulated in Article 152 of the Iranian Constitution, is tasked with supporting “the oppressed,” a principle it routinely invoked to justify its extensive regional interventions as seen in Syria. The Iranian establishment has consistently mobilized its expansionist ambitions, persistently pursuing its vision of regional dominance by positioning itself as the preeminent power in the Middle East — leveraging both soft power and its global influence through the policy of spreading Shiism. However, these persistent efforts were met with growing domestic resistance. This was evident in the protests of 2022, where demonstrators once again chanted “Death to the dictator” and “Death to Khamenei,” echoing the defiance first seen in 2009.
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